WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. . There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. } The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. for this article. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. fall into the classification of genocide. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. Its a MYTH. Will Bantu Supremacy in South Africa Spark Another "Rwandan Genocide In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Was the Bantu Expansion really as brutal as suggested? Or was it a To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. . Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. 2002). The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. Genocide in Somalia's Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees - Items Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. False and dangerous equivalency. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Bantu Expansion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History The Tutsi's . [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. The story begins with a popular African tale. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Shaka, the 'Mfecane' and Africa's first recorded genocide Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.
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