3. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. 1. The heart rate slows . MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Loss of appetite. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. It is typically consumed in pill form. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. . Fever. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Causes. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). . Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Treatment. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). 0. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Confusion. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994).
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