Matthew or Levi? Which was the name of the taxman | carm.org ill. 2), but several of his quotations were lifted from previous Greek texts penned by figures such as Ignatius (cf. Whatever the case, Jerome slowly distanced himself from his earlier confident declarations that the Nazarenes had the original Matthean Gospel in their possession (cf. Follow me, he told him, and Matthew got up and followed him. [23] Krzinger, Papias, 24, 3342; cf. Sometimes the men took too much money. The Bible says that Matthew left everything to follow Jesus. However, Didymus the Blind spotted a similar story in certain Gospels in his Commentary on Ecclesiastes (223.613) and one of those Gospels could have been the Gospel according to the Hebrews that he cited elsewhere in his Commentary on the Psalms (184.910). 16:18) Mark and Luke were probably stunned by Jesus' inclusion of a hated tax collector in His Twelve. James son of Alphaeus is traditionally identified as James the Less and James the brother of Jesus. While Jesus was having dinner at Levis house, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with him and his disciples, for there were many who followed him. So it is more than probable that Matthew or someone else translated Matthews biography of Christ into Greek in order to spread the Good News beyond the Jews. Neither Matthew 9:9 nor 10:3 advances an explicit authorial claim. [10] Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. Teilband 1, ed. 4 Macc 12:7; 16:15; Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14; Josephus, A.J. Band: Evangelien und Verwandtes. Levi (Matthew) the Tax Collector - Early Church History, Life In 11.1-3; Pelag. What created confusion was that Irenaeus reported that Jewish Christ followers who were called Ebionites or poor ones had a special affinity for Matthews Gospel, just as Marcion was inclined toward Lukes Gospel and Valentinus toward Johns Gospel (haer. The fact that three of the four Gospels recount the calling by Jesus of the tax collector Levi is important. Jesus went out again by the sea. Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. See Barnabas Lindars, Matthew, Levi, Lebbaeus and the Value of the Western Text, https://brentnongbri.com/2018/05/21/matthew-and-levi-and-james/, Lindars, Western Text,222; cf. After all, a toll collector may have at least needed functional literacy to perform certain tasks. The Calling of Matthew is an episode in the life of Jesus which appears in all three synoptic gospels, Matthew 9:9-13, Mark 2:13-17 and Luke 5:27-28, and relates the initial encounter between Jesus and Matthew, the tax collector who . News of his preaching and healing ministry was spreading far and wide. Levi: Luke 5:27, "And after that He went out, and noticed a tax-gatherer named Levi, sitting in the tax office, and He said to him, 'Follow Me.' ". The debate over the authorship of Matthews Gospel usually focuses on the replacement of Levi, the son of Alphaeus, with Matthew (Matt 9:9; contra Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27) and the addition of the descriptor the toll collector after Matthews name (Matt 10:3; contra Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). Jesus sees value in all people. He being a Hebrew wrote in Hebrew, that is, his own tongue and most fluently; while things which were eloquently written in Hebrew were more eloquently turned into Greek. Jerome, 382 AD On Illustrious Men, Book V. This writer will go with the early church writers who were within a few hundred years from Matthew and the other people who knew Jesus rather than with unproven theories several thousands of years away from sources. On the other hand, the oldest quotations from the Gospel according to the Hebrews were not attributed to a named author (e.g., Clement, str. Ultimately, the identification of Matthews oracles. Zavada, Jack. [19] Josef Krzinger, Papias von Hierapolis und die Evangelien die Neuen Testaments (Regensberg: Pustet, 1983), 10-11, 4445; Gundry, Matthew, 614; idem, The Apostolically Johannine Pre-Papian Tradition Concerning the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, in The Old is Better: New Testament Essays in Support of Traditional Interpretations, WUNT 178 (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), 56; cf. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 166; Hagner, Matthew 113, 238; Carson, Matthew, 224; Ben Witherington III, Matthew (Macon: Smyth & Helywys, 2006), 197; Osbourne, Matthew, 334; Powers, Progressive Publication, 2829. Alternatively, the textual variant that has James instead of Levi as the son of Alphaeus in Mark 2:14 in a handful of manuscripts was plausibly motivated by a desire for uniformity by having a single son of Alphaeus (cf. How Did Jesus Spend the Last Week of His Life? This is a depiction of a moment of spiritual awakening and conversion, which was something many Baroque artists were interested in painting, especially Caravaggio. h.e. High priest Aaron and his sons were descendants of Levi (Exodus 4:14), Levi being a son of Jacob (Genesis 29:34). Ancient and modern scholars have been perplexed by the fact that the name of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9 differs from its synoptic counterparts. How Jesus became white and why it's time to cancel that 1/27/2013 09:47:39 pm. Was the Gospel of Matthew written by Levi aka Matthew in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek? [36] Ultimately, the identification of Matthews oracles with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Matthew, of course. [5] Mounce, Matthew, 83; France, Evangelist and Teacher, 69, 69n.54; Morris, Matthew, 219; Robert H. Gundry, Matthew: A Commentary on his Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution, 2nd ed. This is very possible, as scholars point to Simon (Peter) and Saul. Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 62354. The other Eleven were ordinary men. Lettie Moses Carr saw Jesus depicted as Black, she was in her 20s. He is mentioned in Matthew 9:9. The Romans were their enemies. [17] Additionally, specialists on the Synoptic Problem generally hold that Matthews Gospel reproduced over 90 percent of Marks content, improved Marks grammar and style, and edited out Marks transliterated Aramaic terms. Mark Book of Week - Part 1 | PDF | John The Baptist | Jesus 1.31.124), see Joseph Barber Lightfoot, Essays on the Work Entitled Supernatural Religion: Reprinted from the Contemporary Review (London: Macmillan, 1893), 17077; Bacon, Studies in Matthew, 443-51; T. W. Manson, Studies in the Gospels and Epistles (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962), 6975; Krzinger, Papias, 5051; France, Evangelist and Teacher, 58-60; Krtner, Papias, 15167; Gundry, Matthew, 617; Norelli, Papia, 5980; Gundry, Pre-Papian Tradition, 6467; Sim, R. According to Luke 5:29, the aforementioned dinner was given by Levi in his house after his call. However, Jesus Christ is of the tribe of Judah. Other scholars suspect that the Nazarenes only supplied Jerome with their own translations and commentary on Matthews Gospel. There are many examples of irresistible grace in God's Word. [18] B. C. Butler, The Originality of St Matthew: A Critique of the Two-Document Hypothesis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), 16566; Albright and Mann, Matthew, XXXVIXLVIII; Powers, Progressive Publication, 4749. [47] Whatever the case, Jerome slowly distanced himself from his earlier confident declarations that the Nazarenes had the original Matthean Gospel in their possession (cf. There is a lot of controversy in recent centuries about that subject. He was included as one of the Evangelists according to the Christian tradition. Matthew, of course. After his conversion, Matthew ardently preached Jesus as Messiah to his Jewish community. Aelius Theon, Prog. Another option is that Papias was referring to a lost source. 1.7; Irenaeus, haer. Volume I: Introduction and Commentary on Matthew IVII, ICC [Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988], 1.12) acknowledge the difficulties in determining whether a text was a translation in the ancient world and the Patristic tradition about Matthew even persuaded an accomplished textual critic like Origen. When the Pharisees saw this, they asked his disciples, Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners? On hearing this, Jesus said,It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. According to Matthew 9:9 and Mark 2:14, Matthew was sitting by the customs house in Capernaum (near modern Almagor, Israel, on the Sea of Galilee) when Jesus called him into his company. 3.24.6; Origen, in h.e. C hristmas Day may be Dec. 25, but it's not the end of Christmas story. How can Jesus Christ be a priest if He is of the non-priestly tribe of Epiphanius and Jerome later confused the traditional account of the authorship of Matthews Gospel with the origins of the Gospel according to the Hebrews. The final option is that a non-extant Jewish Gospel stands behind Papiass reference to Matthews oracles or, at least, the New Testament Gospel that bears the name Matthew was mixed up with a Jewish Gospel circulating in Papiass milieu. Ancient and modern scholars have been perplexed by the fact that the name of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9 differs from its synoptic counterparts. 18) or Origen (cf. There are sayings (Matt 13:3643) and stories. Brian McNeil (London: T&T Clark, 2003), 40; Jennifer Wright Knust, Early Christian Re-writing and the History of the Pericope Adulterae, JECS 14 (2006): 495n34; Norelli, Papia, 33132, 335; MacDonald, Two Shipwrecked Gospels, 14, 1922, 24653; Jrg Frey, Die Fragmente des Hebrerevangeliums, in Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher bersetzung. Matthew, who is also Levi, and who from a publican came to be an apostle, first of all composed a Gospel of Christ in Judaea in the Hebrew language and characters for the benefit of those of the circumcision who had believed. with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Matthew was an accurate counter. [29] Baum, Ein aramischer Urmatthus, 262. Levi asked Jesus to come to dinner at his home. [14] Nevertheless, it is conceivable that the two verses in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3 were the basis for why this Gospel was later ascribed to Matthew. Why didn't more of Jesus' disciples write books of the New Testament? Christ redeemed the priesthood of Levi back unto himself and redeemed Matthew the . http://www.brentcunningham.org/?p=316 2:1-10; Acts 8:9-24). Why Thomas Jefferson Rewrote the Bible Without Jesus - HISTORY (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017), 1089; cf. [3] Powers, Progressive Publication, 29 (emphasis original). Gundry takes the referent to be the expositors who expounded on Matthews text. A survey of the ancient traditions about how the evangelist Matthew wrote his Gospel in Aramaic for a Jewish audience before it was translated into Greek suggests that the modern assumptions about the Apostles fluency in Greek or education in rhetorical composition may not have necessarily been shared by the Patristic intelligentsia. Caseys efforts have been critiqued by Peter M. Head and P. J. Williams, Q Review TB 54.1 (2003): 13144. The text of Matthew in its final form, on the other hand, may be a better point of contrast for Marks narrative, and Q would not have an advantage over it if Q originated in Greek as well. What Language Did Jesus Speak? - Gateway Center for Israel [26] Gundry, Matthew, 619; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 67. Jesus casually says to Levi the tax collector,follow me and Levi got up and followed him. Just like that. 6.14.2; Epiphanius, Pan. This is a quite different case from that of an individual having both a Semitic and a Greek or Latin name, as well as from that of an individual having a Semitic name and also a nickname or family name."[7]. 1.9.9). Several theories have been offered to account for why the toll collector Levi was re-named Matthew in Matthew 9:9 (cf. Vir. Why Kelsey Grammer's Jesus Freak Movie Made Film History As Jesus was having a meal in Levi's home, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with Jesus and his disciples . For three main reasons, almost all scholars believe the Gospel of Luke was written by the same person who wrote Acts: Luke and Acts were written in the same style and express the same theology. There are a number of Patristic and Medieval quotations that purportedly derive from a text that was commonly dubbed as the, James R. Edwards has revived the older position that Matthew was the author of the, Conversely, Papias may not have known the. T/F. Matthew's shocked facial expression shows that he understands this societal dynamic well, but his look and gesture may indicate even more than that. He was a man of moderate wealth, the only one of any means belonging to the apostolic corps. 3.27.4; 3.39.17; 4.22.8). Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. [41] Contra Edwards, Hebrew Gospel, 8 and Petri Luomanen, Recovering Jewish-Christian Sects and Gospels (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 12326. Matthew, the seventh apostle, was chosen by Andrew. Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew and Inspiration of St. Matthew 6.25.4; Epiphanius, Pan. Mark 16:1),[11] though this example differs slightly from Matthew 9:9 inasmuch as the woman is left unnamed.
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