Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Article In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. PubMed Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2014;12:75. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Article (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. 1996;180:917. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 1988;9:33745. 2005;161:52635. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;75:44756. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2006;398:2537. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2015;91:30611. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Cookies policy. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Neurobiol Learn Mem. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. 2009;72:20514. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Sanders AP, Joines WT. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2006;79:13140. 2003;80:177. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2017;326:291. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. 2009;27:556572. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Google Scholar. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Brain Res Rev. Cell Biochem Biophys. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 2015;140:23646. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Neuroreport. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2009;158:12639. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 1990;39:13543. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014;53:22230. 2006;12:44651. [84] and Sharma et al. Biochem J. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. PubMed Central Wang et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Bioelectromagnetics. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. PubMed 2005;438:18592. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Qutob et al. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 1999;9:3438. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Smythe JW, Costall B. daily life. . Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2007;210:63544. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2003;11:346. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Neuroreport. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. 2009;4:e4389. Mortazavi et al. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2004;48:46624. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. 2010;1347:17985. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. However,. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Bioelectromagnetics. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors.
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